Reviewed by Dr. Clement J. Cheng
Frostbite is a condition in which body tissue actually freezes, due to exposure of the affected area to cold temperatures. Although inadequate insulation against even moderately cold temperatures over a period of time can lead to frostbite, exposure to severe cold for a very brief period of time can just as easily result in the condition.
Frostbite mostly affects the extremities such as hands, feet, fingers and toes, and parts of the face- most notably the nose, ears, and cheeks. In most cases, you can prevent frostbite by properly covering areas of the skin against wind and cold exposure, and by insulating extremities to preserve body heat and blood flow.
Frostbite can range from mild to severe, depending on the length of time you are exposed to the elements, and the precautions you have taken to protect yourself. When treated properly, mild frostbite can be reversed with no long-term damage to the affected area. However, severe frostbite can result in permanent damage to the affected blood vessels. Gangrene can occur in serious cases and the affected areas may have to be amputated.
It is crucial that you report to a health care professional immediately if you are suffering from frostbite.
When a part of the body is exposed to cold temperatures, the blood vessels constrict, causing an overall decrease in blood flow to the skin. When constriction happens, the fluid in and around the body tissue and cellular spaces forms ice crystals. In advanced frostbite, the damaged blood vessels cannot carry oxygen to the area. In these patients, gangrene can set in.
Although anyone who ventures into the cold unprotected can develop frostbite, the elderly and the young are particularly susceptible. In addition, people who have circulatory problems, or who have suffered a recent injury or blood loss are more likely to develop frostbite. Certain drugs, such as beta-blockers, which restrict blood flow, also make people more prone to the condition. Consumption of alcohol and smoking cigarettes are also known to elevate the risk of developing frostbite.
